{"id":4799,"date":"2018-12-05T14:53:55","date_gmt":"2018-12-05T13:53:55","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/kennywilson.org\/?p=4799"},"modified":"2018-12-05T14:53:55","modified_gmt":"2018-12-05T13:53:55","slug":"atlanta-studies-parks-are-for-the-people-the-piedmont-park-riot-and-the-politics-of-late-1960s-atlanta","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kennywilson.space\/index.php\/2018\/12\/05\/atlanta-studies-parks-are-for-the-people-the-piedmont-park-riot-and-the-politics-of-late-1960s-atlanta\/","title":{"rendered":"Atlanta Studies | Parks are for the People: The Piedmont Park Riot and the Politics of Late 1960s Atlanta"},"content":{"rendered":"
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By Christopher Huff<\/p>\n

In the summer of 1967, Atlanta Journal<\/em> reporter Michael Palmer went undercover as a hippie. Hoping to provide his readers with some insight into a movement that had recently made its way into the national consciousness, Palmer put on a \u201cwhite, ruffled shirt, and old vest, levies [sic<\/em>] frayed at the cuffs\u201d and stealthily entered the city\u2019s small but noticeable hippie community. In a series of articles that followed this experience, Palmer discussed with a mixture of dismissal and despair what he encountered during his five weeks of undercover research \u2013 from watching people take drugs in a \u201ccrash pad\u201d to participating in a \u201clove-in\u201d at Piedmont Park. While Palmer ultimately provided little real insight into the countercultural mindset, he did make his readers very aware that something new and different was happening in Midtown Atlanta.1<\/sup><\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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During the late 1960s and early 1970s the section of the city that straddled Peachtree Street for several blocks, running from roughly Seventeenth Street down to Tenth Street, served as Atlanta\u2019s own version of San Francisco\u2019s famed Haight-Ashbury district. This part of Midtown had acquired several names over the years2<\/sup> \u2013 Tight Squeeze, the 10th Street Business District and the 14th Street Area \u2013 but became popularly known as \u201cthe Strip\u201d during its countercultural heyday.3<\/sup> The area had already developed a reputation as a bohemian destination by the early 1960s \u2013 one reporter described it as \u201cAtlanta\u2019s own Greenwich Village\u201d \u2013 due to its proximity to the Atlanta College of Art and the Atlanta Memorial Arts Center, as well as its abundance of affordable housing for young adults moving to the city.4<\/sup> By the middle of the decade a small community of hippies found a spiritual home with the opening of the Catacombs coffeehouse on Fourteenth Street. The area\u2019s \u201chip\u201d population \u2013 which included not only \u201creal\u201d hippies but also political radicals, members of motorcycle gangs, left-leaning religious leaders, artists, teenage runaways, drug dealers, sympathetic lawyers, social workers, business owners, and teenage \u201cplastic hippies,\u201d who visited the Strip on the weekends but then returned to their suburban homes on Sunday evenings \u2013 grew significantly in 1967 as the counterculture gained national recognition and thousands of curious teenagers and young adults made their way to hippie neighborhoods across the nation during the Summer of Love.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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POLICE PERFORMING A NIGHTTIME ANTI-DRUG RAID AGAINST HIPPIES, ATLANTA, GEORGIA, AUGUST 4, 1969. V003-600001-A24, TOM COFFIN PHOTOGRAPHS. SPECIAL COLLECTIONS AND ARCHIVES, GEORGIA STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY. COURTESY GEORGIA STATE UNIVERSITY.<\/h5>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Several factors, however, thwarted attempts by Strip residents to create a thriving and safe hip community in Atlanta.5<\/sup> Business owners disliked them, local \u201cstraight\u201d residents complained repeatedly to city officials about their presence, and the police engaged in an ongoing campaign of harassment that included arresting hippies for minor infractions. In July, 1968, a group of local business owners attended a meeting of the city\u2019s Aldermanic Police Committee to complain how the hippie presence harmed the value of their businesses and made it \u201cunsafe for residents to walk down the street.\u201d That same month, Police Chief Herbert Jenkins launched a crackdown on the area\u2019s hippie population.6<\/sup>While the city\u2019s recently founded underground newspaper, the Great Speckled Bird<\/em>, regularly reported on the ill-treatment the hip community suffered at the hands of business owners and the police, the straight press routinely ignored or downplayed these issues.7<\/sup><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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INSPECTING THE DAMAGE: \u201cATLANTIS RISING BOMBING,\u201d ATLANTA, GEORGIA, SEPTEMBER 11, 1969. V003-690911-A28, TOM COFFIN PHOTOGRAPHS. SPECIAL COLLECTIONS AND ARCHIVES, GEORGIA STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY. COURTESY GEORGIA STATE UNIVERSITY.<\/h5>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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These issues worsened considerably during the first six months of 1969. The Great Speckled Bird<\/em> speculated that a recent wave of suspicious fires in the area was an attempt to scare away hippies.8<\/sup> In addition, the number of sexual assaults against hip women in the Strip increased, as did the number of physical confrontations between Strip residents and straight locals, some of which included the exchange of gunfire.9<\/sup> In August, a near riot erupted in the Strip when hippies and political radicals clashed with local police and agents from the Georgia Bureau of Investigation during yet another in a series of drug raids in the neighborhood.10<\/sup> Then, in early September, a firebomb destroyed Atlantis Rising, a combination artist collective and recreation center that served Strip residents and acted as a meeting space for radical political groups.11<\/sup> Finally, this pattern of confrontation and violence culminated on September 21 when attendees and police clashed during a free concert in Piedmont Park.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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The events leading up to and following the Piedmont Park riot illustrate the changing nature of social and political life in Atlanta during the late 1960s. Far from an isolated incident, the riot, and the response to it, reflected the growing frustration of Strip residents as they faced continual police harassment and acts of anonymous violence while trying to create a functional alternative district built on the concepts of cooperation and community. Moreover, the riot revealed connections and shared concerns between white youth and the African American community at a time of significant change in the local political landscape. While the Piedmont Park riot is a lesser known event of civil disobedience in the history of Atlanta, re-examining the riot reveals how far the political and cultural radicalism of the 1960s had made its way into the nation\u2019s most conservative areas, as well as how the presence of a community of radical white youth impacted local political scene, which is usually portrayed by historians of the era as a struggle between conservative whites and African Americans for control of the city during a time of significant demographic change.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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OUR PARK<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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By the late 1960s, Piedmont Park, located just a few blocks east of the Strip, offered a safe haven away from the hassles of life on Peachtree. At a time when hippies were routinely arrested for simply walking down the street, the existence of a place where they could gather freely ensured that the park became integral to community-building efforts by local counterculture and New Left leaders. The Atlanta antiwar movement often chose the park as a gathering point for marches into downtown or as a location for post-march rallies.12<\/sup> And in July 1968, approximately 800 people gathered around the park\u2019s pavilion for the city\u2019s first \u201cBe-In,\u201d an event copied from the more famous San Francisco Human Be-In held the previous summer.13<\/sup> The hip community\u2019s use of Piedmont Park increased significantly during the first nine months of 1969. In March, the Great Speckled Bird<\/em> celebrated its first anniversary with a party in the park. The city\u2019s political activists even took time to enjoy the park\u2019s athletic facilities by forming a \u201cRevolutionary Softball League\u201d that spring.14<\/sup> And the series of free Sunday concerts which had occurred occasionally during the spring and early summer of 1969 became more regular occurrences following the 1969 Atlanta International Pop Festival. The festival, held over the Fourth of July holiday weekend at an automobile racetrack in Hampton, Georgia, featured Janis Joplin, Joe Cocker, Credence Clearwater Revival, Grand Funk Railroad, and Led Zeppelin.15<\/sup> Held the day after the festival ended, a free concert in Piedmont Park featured many of the bands that had played at Hampton, including, Delaney and Bonnie, Spirit, the Allman Brothers, and the Grateful Dead.16<\/sup><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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While the park served as key place to experience countercultural entertainment, the recent wave of harassment and violence in the Strip also led many hippies and New Leftists alike to see their use of the park in more overtly political terms; it had become an important battleground in their quest for meaningful social change.17<\/sup> This shared cause between the counterculture and New Left was not unique to Atlanta in the late 1960s. While the middle years of the decade witnessed the rise of two movements that could be identified as uniquely separate, each with its own goals and philosophies, by 1969 the boundaries between the New Left and counterculture had become blurry. The New Left recast itself into an expansive social movement aimed at the creation of a new American culture as it sought more than just political change, while the counterculture rethought its earlier utopianism and now sought to practice its core beliefs within, rather than separate from, American society.18<\/sup><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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VIETNAM WAR PROTEST. METRO ATLANTA CHAMBER OF COMMERCE COLLECTION AT KENAN RESEARCH CENTER AT ATLANTA HISTORY CENTER. COURTESY ATLANTA HISTORY CENTER.<\/h5>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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HIPPIE DRUM CIRCLE IN PIEDMONT PARK, ATLANTA, GEORGIA, CIRCA 1969. TOM COFFIN PHOTOGRAPHS. SPECIAL COLLECTIONS AND ARCHIVES, GEORGIA STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY. COURTESY GEORGIA STATE UNIVERSITY.<\/h5>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Echoing countercultural writers around the nation, the Bird<\/em> had repeatedly expounded on the importance of rock music as a catalyst for social change and on Piedmont Park\u2019s new role as a site for this melding of culture and politics.19<\/sup> In a piece entitled \u201cOur Park,\u201d \u201cRichard\u201d explained the importance not only of rock music to the creation of a new society, but of a place to experience such music in a revolutionary way, noting that:20<\/i><\/sup><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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if we are a revolutionary culture then we must . . . refuse festivals and radio and recordings . . . musicians will play, will fill our parks, because they must play, and we will listen because we must and there will be no one in between.<\/h5>\n<\/blockquote>\n
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By the summer of 1969, the importance of Piedmont Park to the growth of Atlanta\u2019s hip community led many Strip residents to consider the park, at least on certain days, as their own. Piedmont Park became a place to listen to some good music, get a free meal, commune with likeminded individuals, discuss radical politics, and explore new ways of living together. Or as \u201cRichard\u201d concluded,21<\/i><\/sup><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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you will come to the park to make it your park and you will listen to music and know that it is your music and it will be freedom.<\/h5>\n<\/blockquote>\n
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Following the dramatic firebombing of Atlantis Rising in late August, the park also became a place of spiritual rejuvenation for the Strip community. On the Sunday following the attack, a benefit concert for the store was held in the park that featured several prominent local and regional bands, including the Allman Brothers. As Miller Francis, the community\u2019s preeminent cultural chronicler, noted in an article for The Great Speckled Bird <\/em>the concert was more than simply a musical event or a rally for Atlantis Rising. For Francis, the park acted not simply as a public recreational space, but as a key focal point for the political struggle to build a viable alternative community.22<\/sup> Accordingly, as he noted:23<\/sup><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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PEOPLE EATING AT A FREE CONCERT SPONSORED BY THE \u201cGREAT SPECKLED BIRD\u201d AT PIEDMONT PARK, ATLANTA, GEORGIA, SEPTEMBER 21, 1969. TOM COFFIN PHOTOGRAPHS. SPECIAL COLLECTIONS AND ARCHIVES, GEORGIA STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY. COURTESY GEORGIA STATE UNIVERSITY.<\/i><\/i><\/h5>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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The vibes in Piedmont Park on all the Saturdays and Sundays flow out of our fight to replace the power behind the firebomb . . . that gutted Atlantis Rising, and our attempt to design a politics to effect that replacement.<\/h5>\n<\/blockquote>\n
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Francis noted the intense sense of positive feelings that the crowd in \u201cour park\u201d generated, as well as the wide array of the city\u2019s population which was in attendance in addition to the usual hippie contingent, including \u201cstraight, crewcut, turned-on, tribal, black, working class, mothers and children.\u201d24<\/sup> However, it would be this very attachment to the park that laid the foundation for the riot that occurred only a week later.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Throughout the nation, public spaces played an important role in bringing politics and culture together. Parks took on particular meaning in the late 1960s, serving as a central site for the expression of a spatial politics that helped reveal the growing intersection of the counterculture and the New Left. Perhaps most famously, in May 1969, violence erupted in Berkeley over an undeveloped piece of land owned by the University of California. Claiming the space as their own, over two hundred hippies, college students, and community activists had turned the former parking lot into a park, which they called \u201cPeople\u2019s Park.\u201d Then, on May 15, police cleared the park and encircled it with cyclone fencing, a provocation which the local hip community responded to by rioting with the ensuing street battle ending that evening only after twenty policemen had been injured and twenty protestors had been shot, one fatally.25<\/sup> While the events in Berkeley are well-remembered, the events at Piedmont Park a few months later exemplify that the willingness to defend contested space was not restricted to cities famous for their radical communities.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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\u201cGET THE PIGS OUT OF OUR PARK!\u201d<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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The September 21, 1969, free concert in Piedmont Park boasted an impressive lineup. While the Allman Brothers would not play that Sunday, the show presented some of the best local rock acts, including Radar, the Booger Band, and headliner The Hampton Grease Band. This list of performers, as well as the success of the concert the previous Sunday, and a prominently placed announcement in the Great Speckled Bird<\/em>, ensured a sizable attendance. And despite a chilly rain, by late afternoon between 1,000 and 1,500 people had arrived in the park.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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ONE OF THE BANDS PERFORMING AT A \u201cGREAT SPECKLED BIRD\u201d CONCERT IN PIEDMONT PARK, ATLANTA, GEORGIA, SEPTEMBER 21, 1969. V003-600001-C27, TOM COFFIN PHOTOGRAPHS. SPECIAL COLLECTIONS AND ARCHIVES, GEORGIA STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY. COURTESY GEORGIA STATE UNIVERSITY.<\/h5>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Several staff members from the Great Speckled Bird<\/em> circulated through the crowd, collecting affidavits regarding police harassment, which they planned to include as part of the paper\u2019s recently-filed lawsuit against the police department.26<\/sup> Earlier that month the hip community became involved in a local debate over police brutality. During a speech at the West Hunter Street Baptist Church on September 12, DeWitt Smith, an African American patrolman, publicly accused several white officers of beating three black prisoners without provocation. Notably, during his comments, he also mentioned the mistreatment local hippies routinely endured, stating:27<\/i><\/sup><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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if your hair is long and you\u2019re wearing bell-bottoms you are in for it. Girls are jerked and pulled into line by their hair . . . and they {officers} seem to delight in grabbing a man by the seat of his pants and lifting him up until the pressure in his groin becomes unbearable.<\/h5>\n<\/blockquote>\n
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During the following week, a coalition of local civil rights groups and the Great Speckled Bird<\/em> filed separate lawsuits against the Atlanta police department, which illustrated an emergent, if problematic, alliance of the New Left, the counterculture, and the local civil rights movement in late 1960s Atlanta.28<\/sup><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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But in addition to the Bird <\/em>staffers, several undercover policemen also moved through the crowd in the park that day. And just as the band Brickwall started its set, word began to circulate that undercover narcotics agents from the Atlanta police were in the audience and looking to make arrests. Concert attendee George Nikas soon found himself in custody after following Detective C. R. Price through the crowd, warning other concertgoers that Price was a policeman. As the young man was led away a crowd gathered around the two and began chanting \u201cshow us your badge!\u201d and \u201clet him go!\u201d In the ensuing confrontation, Price ended up pulling his service weapon and brandishing it at the crowd, providing enough of a distraction for Nikas to escape and disappear back into the audience.29<\/sup><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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\u201cGREAT SPECKLED BIRD\u201d PHOTOGRAPHER BILL FIBBEN BEING ARRESTED DURING A BOTCHED POLICE OPERATION DURING A CONCERT IN PIEDMONT PARK, ATLANTA, GEORGIA, SEPTEMBER 21, 1969. V003-600001-C35, TOM COFFIN PHOTOGRAPHS. SPECIAL COLLECTIONS AND ARCHIVES, GEORGIA STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY. COURTESY GEORGIA STATE UNIVERSITY.<\/h5>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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As the music, which had stopped during the struggle, resumed, Price and several other policemen moved back into the crowd and quickly found, and again apprehended, Nikas. This time, they also arrested Bill Fibben, a staff photographer for the Bird.<\/em> But several hundred audience members immediately surrounded the cars containing Nikas and Fibben, shouting \u201cThis is our park!\u201d and \u201cget the pigs out of our park!\u201d In response, police called for reinforcements and tear gas canisters. The concert\u2019s promoter attempted to persuade police to let him restore calm but before he could do so, an officer lobbed a tear gas canister into the crowd and what had been merely an angry confrontation between the police and the concertgoers turned into a riot.30<\/sup><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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TEAR GAS UNLEASHED ON HIPPIES ATTENDING A FOLK CONCERT IN PIEDMONT PARK, ATLANTA, GEORGIA, SEPTEMBER 22, 1969. PHOTO BY NOEL DAVIS. AJCP211-032A, ATLANTA JOURNAL-CONSTITUTION<\/em> PHOTOGRAPHIC ARCHIVES. SPECIAL COLLECTIONS AND ARCHIVES, GEORGIA STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY. COPYRIGHT ATLANTA JOURNAL-CONSTITUTION. <\/em>COURTESY GEORGIA STATE UNIVERSITY.<\/h5>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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As the protestors around the patrol car began to scatter, several paddy wagons and almost the entire evening watch of the Atlanta police force approached the park. For the next thirty minutes a running battle of sorts took place. The police, who had taken up a position not far from the park pavilion, fired tear gas canisters into the crowd while several officers repeatedly charged into the rioters. The crowd responded by throwing some of the tear gas canisters back, along with rocks, cans and glass bottles, quickly dispersing after each volley only to retake its position after the clouds of tear gas dissipated.31<\/sup> Ultimately, the confrontation ended only after American Civil Liberties Union lawyer Al Horn arrived at the park and talked with Police Superintendent Oscar Jordan.32<\/sup> Following this conversation, the crowd calmed down and several police officers left the park. As attempts were being made to restart the music, Police Chief Herbert Jenkins and Mayor Ivan Allen finally arrived, too late to make any meaningful contribution although the mayor did spend some time speaking with concertgoers.33<\/sup><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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RESPONSES TO THE RIOT<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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While the Piedmont Park riot resulted in few injuries and only twelve arrests,34<\/sup> it provoked a variety of responses from the Strip community, civil rights leaders, local politicians, and city officials. The statements issued by these groups reveal the complicated nature of Atlanta politics in the late 1960s as well as divisions within the city\u2019s hip community. Moreover, the cooperation between the hip and civil rights communities in response to the riot revealed how disaffected groups in Atlanta could cross racial lines when they found common cause.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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POLICEMEN DRAGGING A YOUNG HIPPIE THROUGH THE GRASS, PIEDMONT PARK, ATLANTA, GEORGIA, SEPTEMBER 22, 1969. PHOTO BY NOEL DAVIS. AJCP211-032B, ATLANTA JOURNAL-CONSTITUTION <\/em>PHOTOGRAPHIC ARCHIVES. SPECIAL COLLECTIONS AND ARCHIVES, GEORGIA STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY. COPYRIGHT ATLANTA JOURNAL-CONSTITUTION. <\/em>COURTESY GEORGIA STATE UNIVERSITY.<\/h5>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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With the mayoral election just weeks away, several of the candidates weighed in on the riot. City alderman Everett Millican, who had recently proposed a park curfew, favored drastic action, promising that, if elected, he would \u201crun the hippies out of town.\u201d35<\/sup> Echoing statements he had made the previous spring, he labeled the city\u2019s countercultural district \u201ca disgrace,\u201d filled with \u201chippies, homosexual, sex deviates and drug pushers.\u201d36<\/sup> While admitting that Piedmont Park had deteriorated before the hippies claimed it as their own, he still argued that \u201cit\u2019s gone down a lot more since.\u201d37<\/sup> Alderman and mayoral candidate Rodney Cook took a less aggressive position, stating that law-abiding citizens should not fear being \u201chit over the head\u201d by police but that those who broke the law should be punished to the fullest extent possible. Instead of running the hippies out of town, Cook believed that hiring more policemen, raising salaries, providing them with better training, and creating neighborhood patrols would solve the problem.38<\/sup><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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HIPPIES TALK TO MAYOR IVAN ALLEN JR. AFTER THE RIOT. FROM: GREAT SPECKLED BIRD<\/em> 2, NO. 29 (SEPTEMBER 29, 1969), 22. GREAT SPECKLED BIRD<\/em> COLLECTION. SPECIAL COLLECTIONS AND ARCHIVES, GEORGIA STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY. COURTESY GEORGIA STATE UNIVERSITY.<\/h5>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Meanwhile, in stark contrast to the interpretation of the riot offered by members of the political establishment, Great Speckled Bird<\/em> writer Greg Gregory analyzed the riot from a countercultural perspective, arguing for the park\u2019s importance to the development of a new American society and declaring that,39<\/i><\/sup><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Sunday\u2019s resistance was not \u2018revolutionary antics,’ the work of \u2018agitators.\u2019 Sunday was a defense of the kind of life we have chosen to live. This life includes music; it includes dope; but more significantly; and of revolutionary impact, is our self-perception as a people acting in unity.<\/h5>\n<\/blockquote>\n
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He continued:40<\/i><\/sup><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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A park cannot be liberated by permit, cannot be ‘free’ just because freaks come together to dig some fine music . . . Sunday was about what comes down when . . . we transgress the constricted lifestyle that is acceptable to and in this rotten society.<\/h5>\n<\/blockquote>\n
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But Gregory also had harsh words for members in the hip community who criticized those who had fought back against the police. Arguing that this criticism attacked the very unity the riot had created, Gregory suggested that \u201cto fall back on a love-and-peace stance which quickly becomes a hate-the-bottle throwers posture is to fragment the solidarity that saw politicos and culture freaks standing side by side.\u201d41<\/sup> While praising the importance of gentleness to their cultural revolution, he nonetheless argued that cruelty, not gentleness, needed to be the appropriate response when \u201ctribal celebrations\u201d came under attack. As he saw it, solidarity required that musicians, \u201ctrippers,\u201d and rock throwers stand together or the new culture they hoped to create would die. Likewise, Jim Gwin asserted that \u201cwe must defend our vision as it emerges in concrete form. The communal\/music experience in Piedmont Park is that vision.\u201d42<\/sup><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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The politicos of the Great Speckled Bird<\/em> also responded quickly to the riot. Staff members at the Bird <\/em>office began immediately collecting the statements of approximately one hundred people present in the park during the confrontation, which would be added to the police harassment suit the Bird<\/em> had filed recently in federal court.43<\/sup> During a press conference held at the newspaper\u2019s office the day after the riot, the hip community presented three demands: that all charges against those arrested on Sunday be dropped, that all plainclothesmen and other policemen be banned from the park and, finally, to \u201clet us have our music.\u201d44<\/sup><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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The riot also generated support from the city\u2019s civil rights community. On Monday, the Atlanta Ad Hoc Committee on Law Enforcement and the Community, which had come together the previous April to investigate police brutality and included members of the Urban League, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, and the Metropolitan Atlanta Summit Leadership Conference, presented four recommendations to Mayor Ivan Allen. The committee called for an end to harassment, suspensions of policemen accused of brutality, improved jail conditions, and the establishment of grievance procedures. The group also noted that the Atlanta police \u201cshowed the same brutal force as Chicago\u201d in their efforts to disperse the park crowd, a reference to the previous year\u2019s street riots during the Democratic National Convention.45<\/sup> While Allen declined to comment on these recommendations, he stated that the city would undertake a \u201cfull investigation of police brutality charges\u201d stemming from the riot, and announced that the two officers noted most prominently for their actions in the park, C. R. Price and D. L. Dingee, had been transferred to duty in south Fulton County. Both the mayor and Jenkins stated this might help the situation since the problem had been caused only by a small number of \u201cbad apples\u201d within the police force.46<\/sup><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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The committee clearly saw common cause between black Atlantans and the Strip community when it came to law enforcement issues. In its statement to Allen, it claimed that \u201cthe city has evaded responsibility and accountability for abuse of its citizens. Brutality occurs not only at the jail, it happens at the time of arrests . . . and we know that the police rioted in Piedmont Park yesterday.\u201d47<\/sup> Likewise, Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) leader Hosea Williams articulated the connection between oppressed African Americans and hip community members. When speaking to the crowd at Piedmont Park after the riot, he told them that,48<\/i><\/sup><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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this is the same thing that has been happening to black people for a long time \u2013 and partly for the same reason: because they don\u2019t want to conform to the ways of this sick, racist society. The reason they\u2019re brutalizing you is simple: you want to live your own life, your own way.<\/h5>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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THE GREAT SPECKLED BIRD<\/em> 2, NO. 29 (SEPTEMBER 29, 1969), 3. GREAT SPECKLED BIRD<\/em> COLLECTION. SPECIAL COLLECTIONS AND ARCHIVES, GEORGIA STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY. COURTESY GEORGIA STATE UNIVERSITY.<\/h5>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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The Strip and civil rights communities further strengthened their bonds in the wake of the riot by planning a march to police headquarters at a meeting that included representatives from the Bird<\/em> and the SCLC alongside numerous hippies and street people, ministers from several local churches, local countercultural shopkeepers, and political radicals. In addition to the three demands formulated immediately after the riot, the group agreed to publicly support the call from civil rights groups for the termination of Police Chief Herbert Jenkins and the demand that African Americans control their own communities. Attendees also demanded the firing of seven police officers involved in the riot, including Price and Dingee, as well as eight other officers that the African American community wanted dismissed.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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On Saturday, September 27, a procession of approximately 600 marchers \u2013 which would ultimately grow to 1,000 participants \u2013 left Piedmont Park headed downtown along the city\u2019s main thoroughfare. Holding banners with the phrases \u201cFire Jenkins\u201d and \u201cNo Armed Police or Narks in Park,\u201d the group included several African American ministers and civil rights leaders, such as the Reverend Douglas Slappey of the African Methodist Episcopal Church, and Hosea Williams. Once they reached police headquarters the marchers handed over their demands to Superintendent Jordan and the crowd listened to several speeches, before turning around and heading back to the park.49<\/sup><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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YOUNG PEOPLE MARCH IN PROTEST AGAINST POLICE TACTICS AFTER A \u201cGREAT SPECKLED BIRD\u201d SPONSORED CONCERT, ATLANTA, GEORGIA, SEPTEMBER 27, 1969. V003-690927-A08, TOM COFFIN PHOTOGRAPHS. SPECIAL COLLECTIONS AND ARCHIVES, GEORGIA STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY. COURTESY GEORGIA STATE UNIVERSITY.<\/h5>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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WHERE DID ALL THE HIPPIES GO?<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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The riot and the series of confrontations that led up to it would ultimately garner national attention via an October 10 story in Time <\/em>magazine, entitled \u201cThe Great Hippie Hunt,\u201d in which it was suggested that, 50<\/i><\/sup><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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police and state solicitor general’s agents, with the tacit approval of the city administration and Atlanta’s business community, have waged war against these so-called undesirables, treating them as the greatest threat to the city since General Sherman.<\/h5>\n<\/blockquote>\n
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This coverage and the brief flurry of activity following the riot in Piedmont Park ultimately did little to change conditions for the better, either in the Strip or at the park. Indeed, while the Strip had drawn most of the city leaders\u2019 attention up to that point, in the years after the riot, they would increasingly object to the presence of the hip community in Piedmont Park as well, which many Atlantans had given up using after the hip community had adopted it as its own in 1969. Moreover, due to increased police harassment and the passage of a new city loitering ordinance in 1970,51<\/sup> large numbers of people who had formerly called the Strip home had moved several blocks east to Piedmont Park. Reports in local papers claimed that at least several hundred people now called the park home and in August 1971 the Bird <\/em>reported: \u201cthe Strip is practically deserted and the park is being used more.\u201d52<\/sup> But the introduction of hard drugs, the growing presence of criminal elements \u2013 including violent bikers \u2013 and a serious problem regarding teenage runaways changed the nature of the community and provoked a set of responses from the new Mayor Sam Massell that would ultimately end the hips\u2019 occupation of the park and spell the end of Atlanta\u2019s hip community.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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After a series of shootings in the summer and fall of 1971, Mayor Massell announced that a \u201cspecial police detail, a mobile precinct, and a mounted patrol\u201d would soon be on duty in Piedmont Park because, as he described it, \u201cthe park is a big place but not big enough to house punks with knives, guns, and needles.\u201d53<\/sup> These additional policeman soon began patrolling Piedmont Park aggressively and the crackdown had its intended effect \u2013 within days, hips had largely abandoned the park. New regulations which were soon adopted also made it harder to organize the kind of events that the hip community had held in Piedmont Park over the past several years, such as rock concerts, political rallies, and antiwar demonstrations.54<\/sup> Denied the ability to organize events, hips still attempted to congregate informally in the park. Not surprisingly, the police worked diligently to make them unwelcome by selectively enforcing park ordinance 22-38, which made it \u201cunlawful for any person, in any park, to, stand, walk, or ride on the grass,\u201d and by asking for identification from members of any group of six or more hips. As the Bird<\/em> put it, a \u201cpolice state\u201d now existed in the park.55<\/sup><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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MOUNTED PATROL IN PIEDMONT PARK. BOYD LEWIS COLLECTION AT KENAN RESEARCH CENTER AT THE ATLANTA HISTORY CENTER. COURTESY ATLANTA HISTORY CENTER.<\/h5>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Pushed out of Piedmont Park and the Strip, the hip community saw its demise approaching quickly over the horizon. As its members relocated to other neighborhoods, left town, or moved on to new pursuits and passions, mainstream society\u2019s adoption of many countercultural elements in the first years of the 1970s diminished the need for separate spaces where people could freely practice alternate lifestyles. Smoking marijuana, growing long hair, or just generally letting your freak flag fly no longer seemed so threatening, as witnessed by the newfound presence of \u201cshaggy-haired young business executives in downtown Atlanta.\u201d56<\/sup> As the hippies disappeared, the developers moved in. Over the next several decades, the coffeehouses, clubs, and crash pads of the Strip were plowed under, replaced by gleaming high-rise office buildings. Piedmont Park, however, remained largely unchanged and stands today as one of the few remaining physical spaces connected to Atlanta\u2019s hip community. This seems appropriate, given the importance of the park to the city\u2019s hippies and political radicals. Although the riot that occurred in September 1969 is perhaps the best remembered event of Atlanta\u2019s freak past, in truth it was one among many that briefly helped turn Piedmont Park into a park for the people.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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ATLANTA MAYOR SAM MASSELL INPSECTS AT THE PROPOSED LAYOUT OF COLONY SQUARE, 1971. PHOTO BY ROBERT CONNELL. AJCP103-015A, ATLANTA JOURNAL-CONSTITUTION <\/em>PHOTOGRAPHIC ARCHIVES. SPECIAL COLLECTIONS AND ARCHIVES, GEORGIA STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY. COPYRIGHT ATLANTA JOURNAL-CONSTITUTION. <\/em>COURTESY GEORGIA STATE UNIVERSITY.<\/h5>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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This work is licensed under a <\/span>Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License<\/a><\/span>. Attribution must provide author name, article title, <\/span>Atlanta Studies<\/i><\/span>, date of publication, and a link to this page. Note that this license applies <\/span>only<\/span> to the text of the article, not to media used here by permission.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Source: Atlanta Studies | Parks are for the People: The Piedmont Park Riot and the Politics of Late 1960s Atlanta<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

By Christopher Huff In the summer of 1967, Atlanta Journal reporter Michael Palmer went undercover as a hippie. Hoping to provide his readers with some insight into a movement that had recently made its way into the national consciousness, Palmer put on a \u201cwhite, ruffled shirt, and old vest, levies [sic] frayed at the cuffs\u201d […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4807,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9,13,34,35,44],"tags":[72,160,242,317,355],"class_list":["post-4799","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-beatniks","category-counterculture","category-mods-and-hippies","category-music","category-politics-and-philosophy","tag-1960s","tag-counterculture","tag-hippies","tag-music","tag-philosophy"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kennywilson.space\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4799","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kennywilson.space\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kennywilson.space\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kennywilson.space\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kennywilson.space\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4799"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/kennywilson.space\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4799\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kennywilson.space\/index.php\/wp-json\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kennywilson.space\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4799"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kennywilson.space\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4799"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kennywilson.space\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4799"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}